He gave it to me because he trusted me.
因为他信任我,才把它交给我的。
He ran faster than we did.
他比我们跑得快。
This is the picture that I bought in Rome.
这就是我在罗马买的那幅画。
(在以上各个例句中,黑体的是从句。第218节同此。)
其他的从句的例子见条件句、关系代词以及目的从句、比较从句、时间从句、结果从句、让步从句等有关章节。学生不需要详细研究各种从句,甚至也不必做到能辨认各种从句,但必须学会识别哪些动词是主句中的主要动词,因为这关系到下面这个重要规则。
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218 时态的呼应
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如果主句的主要动词是过去时态,从句的主要动词也必须是过去时态:
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注意动词不定式和动名词不受以上规则影响:
He wants to go to Lyons.
他想去里昂。
He wanted to go to Lyons.
他那时想去里昂。
He likes riding.
他喜欢骑马。
He liked riding.
他过去喜欢骑马。
引导间接引语的动词如是过去时态,时态呼应的规则也适用。(参见第三十一章。)
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第二十一章?条件语气?
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[Amber demo]
条件时态?
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[Amber demo]
219 条件现在时
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A 条件现在时由would/should+动词原形构成(用于第一人称),或由would+动词原形构成(用于其他人称)。
肯定式:牋牋牋牋 I would/I’d work/I should work
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 you would/you’d work等
否定式:牋牋牋牋 I would not/wouldn’t work或
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 I should not/shouldn’t work
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 you would not/wouldn’t work等
疑问式:牋牋牋牋 would/should I work?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 would you work?等
否定疑问式:?should I not/shouldn’t I work?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 would you not/wouldn’t you work?等
B 这种形式用于:
(a)条件句中。(参见第221节至第229节。)
(b)would和should的特殊用法中。(参见第二十二章。)
(c)过去将来时。当主句的主要动词是过去时的时候,从句中就必须用 would/should而不用 will/shall:
I hope(that) I will/shall succeed.
我希望我会成功。
I hoped(that) I would/should succeed.
我曾希望我会成功。
I know(that) he will be in time.
我知道他会赶得上的。
I knew(that) he would be in time.
我当时知道他会赶得上的。
He thinks(that) they will give him a visa.
他想他们会给他签证。
He thought(that) they would give him a visa.
他本想他们会给他签证。
I expect(that)the plane will be diverted.
我料想飞机会改变航线。
I expected(that)the plane would be diverted.
我本料想飞机会改变航线。
(关于will/shall,would/should在间接引语中的用法,参见第三十一章。)
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[Amber demo]
220 条件完成时
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A 这种时态由would/should+完成式构成:
肯定式:牋牋牋牋牋牋 I would/should have worked
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 you would have worked等
否定式:牋牋牋牋牋牋 I would not/should not have worked等
疑问式:牋牋牋牋牋牋 would/should I have worked?等
否定疑问式:牋牋?should I not have/shouldn’t I have worked?
牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋牋 would you not have/wouldn’t you have worked?
等其他缩略形式参见第219节。
B 这种形式用于:
(a)条件句中。(参见第221节至第229节。)
(b)would和should的特殊用法中。(参见第230节至第节。)
(c)过去时中,相当于将来完成时:
I hope he will have finished before we get back.
我希望在我们回来之前他已经做完。
I hoped he would have finished before we got back.
我曾经希望在我们回来之前他已经做完。?
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条件句
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条件句由两部分组成: if从句+主句:
If it rains I shall stay at home.
如果下雨我就呆在家里。
If it rains是 if从句, I shall stay at home是主句。条件句有三种,每种所含的一对时态都不一样。每种条件句内还可能有某些变化,但初学条件句者可不必理会这些变化,而把注意力放在条件句的基本形式上。
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221 条件句类型1
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A if从句中的动词是一般现在时,主句的动词是一般将来时。主句和从句的先后次序无关紧要。
If he runs he’ll get there in time.
如果他跑步去就会及时赶到那里。
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
如果你拉猫的尾巴,它会抓你。
这种类型的句子意味着if从句中的动作很可能发生。
注意:这里的含义是现在或将来,但if从句中的动词是一般现在时而不是一般将来时。if+will/would只能用于表示某些特殊含义时。(参见第224节。)
B 基本形式可能的变化形式
1 主句的变化
除if+一般现在时+一般将来时外,可能是:
(a)if+一般现在时+may/might(可能性)
If the fog gets thicker the plane may/might be diverted.
如果雾再大,飞机就可能改飞别的机场降落。(也许飞机确实会改飞别的机场降落。)
(b) if+一般现在时+ may(允许)/can(允许或能力)
If your documents are in order you may/can leave at once.
如果你的证明文件都齐备了你可以马上就走。(允许)
If it stops snowing we can go out.
如果雪停了我们就可以出去了。(允许或能力)
(c)if+一般现在时+must,should或任何表示命令、请求或劝告的形式:
If you want to lose weight you must/should eat less bread.
如果你想减轻体重,你必须/应该少吃面包。
If you want to lose weight you had better eat less bread.
如果你想减轻体重,最好少吃面包。
If you want to lose weight eat less bread.
如果你想减轻体重,少吃面包。