[Amber demo]
78非限定性关系从句
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A非限定性关系从句位于确定的名词之后。因此它对这类名词不作限定性描述,仅对该词作进一步说明作为补充而已。它不同于限定性关系从句,在句中并非必不可少,即使省略也不会引起意义上的混乱。它不同于限定性关系从句之处还在于它与被说明的名词之间用逗号隔开。非限定性关系从句中的关系代词绝对不能省略。这种句子结构相当正规,在书面语中用得比口语中多。
B用于非限定性关系从句中的关系代词:
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[Amber demo]
79指人的非限定性关系从句
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A主语
只能用who。注意逗号:
My neighbour,who is very pessimistic,says there will be no apples this year.
我的邻居极为悲观,他说今年苹果将不会有收成。
Peter,who had been driving all day,suggested stopping at the next town.
彼得开了整整一天车,他建议在下一个城镇停留。
这一类紧接在句子的主语之后的从句主要见于书面英语。在
口语里常常这么说:
My neighbour is very pessimistic and says…
我的邻居很悲观,并说……
Peter had been driving all day,so/and he suggested…
彼得开了整整一天车,因此他建议……
但位于句中较后部分的从句,即在主要动词的宾语之后的从句,在口语中是相当普遍的:
I’ve invited Ann,who lives in the next flat.
我已经邀请了安,她就住在隔壁的套房里。
从句跟在介词+名词之后也较为普遍:
I passed the letter to Peter,who was sitting beside me.
我把信递给了彼得,他就坐在我旁边。
B动词的宾语
用whom,who。
这类宾格代词在句中不能省略。尽管有时在日常口语中用
who作宾格关系代词,但正确的形式应是whom:
Peter,whom everyone suspected,turned out to be innocent.
彼得,大家都怀疑他,结果证明是无罪的。
如上所示,在这个位置的非限定性关系从句在口语中是不常用的。通常很可能这么说:
Everyone suspected Peter,but he turned out to be innocent.
大家都怀疑彼得,但结果证明他是无罪的。
但在口语中常见到非限定性关系从句出现在句中较后的位置,即在主要动词的宾语之后或介词+名词之后:
She wanted Tom,whom she liked,as a partner;but she got Jack,whom she didn’t like.
她想要她所喜欢的汤姆作为伴侣,可是却得到了她所不喜欢的杰克。
She introduced me to her husband,whom I hadn’t met before.
她把我介绍给她丈夫,我以前没见过他。
C 介词的宾语
用whom。
这个代词在句中不能省略,介词常常位于它之前:
Mr Jones,for whom I was working,was very generous about overtime payments.
琼斯先生,我当时给干活的那位,常是很慷慨地付给加班加点的报酬。
然而把介词移到从句之后也是可以的。这在口语中是非常普
遍的,此时who往往取代whom:
Mr Jones,who/whom I was working for,…
如果从句中含有一个表示时间或地点的短语,该短语要留在
从句之末:
Peter,with whom I played tennis on Sundays,was fitter than me.
彼得,星期天我常跟打网球的那位,身体比我健康。
这个句子可改为:
Peter,who/whom I played tennis with on Sundays,was fitter than me.
D 所有格
用 whose。
Ann,whose children are at school all day,is trying to get a job.
安的孩子们整天都在学校,所以她在想办法找份工作。
This is George,whose class you will be taking
这一位是乔治,你就要接他的课。
在口语中,很可能这么说:
Ann’s children are at school all day,so she…
This is George.You will be taking his class.
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[Amber demo]
80 all,both,few,most,several,some
等+of+whom/which
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这种形式可以用于指人,也可用于指事物。见以下例句。括号中给出的是不那么正式的同义说法。
Her sons,both of whom work abroad,ring her up every week.
她的两个儿子,都在国外工作,他们每周都给她打电话来。
(Both her sons work abroad,but they ring her up every week.)He went with a group of people,few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.
他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。
(He went with a group of people;few of them…)
The buses,most of which were already full,were surrounded by an angry crowd.
公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人,它们被愤怒的人群包围着。
(st of the buses were full,and/but they were surrounded by an angrycrowd.)
I met the fruit-pickers,several of whom were university students.
我遇到了摘水果的人们,其中有几个人是大学生。
(I met the fruit-pickers;several of them were…)
I picked up the apples,some of which were badly bruised.
我拣起那些苹果,其中有一些伤得很厉害。
(I picked up the apples;some of them…)
The house was full of boys,ten of whom were his own grandchildren.
屋子里挤满了小男孩,其中有十个是他自己的孙辈。(The house was full of boys;ten of them…)
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[Amber demo]
81 指物的非限定性关系从句
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A 主格
用which,这里不用that:
That block,Which cost£5 million to build,has been empty fof years.
那个街区,就是花费了500万英镑建起来的那个,已经空置了多年了。
The 8∶15 train,which is usually very punctual,was late today.
8点15分的列车通常是正点的,今天晚点了。
口语中往往可能这么说:
That block cost£5 million to build and has been empty for years.
那个街区花费了500万英镑建成,已经空置了多年了。