近三分之二的中国企业家说自己的企业会承担社会责任。
注：此问题为开放式回答选项，因此这些答案并非相互排斥。
图5 私营企业的核心责任
来源：中国社科院民营经济研究中心
与之类似，老牛基金会发起的慈善千人计划旨在培养非营利组织和慈善领域的专业管理人才，帮助企业实施慈善项目。这一实践对由相关制度缺位而引发的其他社会问题具有启发意义，比如社会福利制度和社会创新。
集体式慈善的启示
研究中国的集体慈善模式，一个问题会自然出现：集体式慈善是否适用于其他国家和地区，特别是西方国家？我们提出这个问题本身就很有意思。传统上，西方慈善文化被其他国家视为值得效仿的典范。然而，中国企业家的数量和经济实力正在不断增强，他们的想法、视角和行为很可能将对全球产生影响。
过去10年里，很多中国企业家成功地走向世界，例如进入美国的联想集团和进入欧洲的华为集团。马云最近提出要让阿里巴巴走进美国，带动100万个就业机会。37随着中国经济重要性的不断提升及中国与全球各国贸易额的持续增长，中国对全球的影响力也在不断加强，集体式慈善也许将成为中国全球“软实力”战略的重要组成部分。
另外，暂且将与中国企业家的渊源搁在一边，集体主义慈善本身可能被全球各地的慈善家视为一种新模式。美国慈善家对更紧密的协同合作和资助协作效应表现出越来越大的兴趣，例如，气候工作基金会由三家大型基金会于2008年共同发起成立。中国企业家积累的实践经验可能为如何更有效地开展集体式慈善提供借鉴。
虽然中国集体式慈善有很多优点，但也需要对它批判地审视。例如，中国企业家有时候偏爱匿名捐赠或完全不捐赠以避免引起媒体关注，因为引人注目可能会引发媒体或政府对其财富来源的调查。集体式慈善对企业家具有吸引力，可能是因为它可以提供一种保护，使个人免受审查。
无论如何，我们相信，中国的集体式慈善是一个重要进展，不仅对中国很重要，对全世界也很重要。中国企业家和商业人士之间建立起了活跃的人际关系，并将其不仅用于商业，也用于行善。集体式慈善的战略不仅让参与其中的企业和企业家获益，也可以提升企业家个人的社会资本，拓展他们的社会关系网络，帮助企业家和他们的员工营造一个和谐环境。
了解集体式慈善有助于回答为什么中国企业家似乎不像他们的西方同行那样慷慨捐赠，也有助于进一步了解中国的商业模式、慈善环境及其根植于斯的中国文化。
注释
1 Hurun Global Rich List 2016, Huron Institute, 2016.
2 Global Wealth Report 2015, Credit Suisse, 2015.
3 Past Philanthropists: How Giving Has Evolved, Trade Union Congress of the Philippines, 2012.
4 China Philanthropic Donation Report 2014, China Charity Information Centre.
5 “Collectivism is defined as a social model in which members are more invested in the interests of the group to which they belong than to their own individual interests. Cooperation is valued more heavily than competition in collectivist cultures, and group needs and preferences take precedence over those of the individual. Core values of these types of cultures include social embeddedness, collective identity group solidarity and group decision-making.” Ed. Shane J. Lopez,The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology,Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
6 Jack Ma’s speech at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, http://tech.qq/a/20151206/022491.htm.
7 “The Paradise International Foundation” was founded by Jack Ma and Pony Ma.http://pfi.org.cn/news/news-id/12/.
8 Giana Eckhardt, “Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organisations Across Nations,” Australian Journal of Management, vol. 27, no. 1, 2002: pp. 89-94.
9 Benjamin Schneider, Mark G. Ehrhart, and William H. Macey, “Organizational Climate and Culture,” Annual Review of Psychology,vol. 64, 2013, pp. 361-388.
10 Shinobu Kitayama, Hazel Rose Markus, Hisaya Matsumoto, and Vinai Norasakkunkit, “Individual and Collective Processes in the Construction of the Self: Self-Enhancement in the United States and SelfCriticism in Japan,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, no. 6, 1997, pp. 1245-1267.
11 Harry C. Triandis, Christopher McCusker, and C. H. Hui, “Multimethod Probes of Individualism and Collectivism,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 59, no. 5, 1990, pp. 1006-1020.
12 Michelle Downie, Richard Koestner, Elizabeth Horberg, and Silje Haga, “Exploring the Relation of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals to Why and How People Pursue Personal Goals,” Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 146, no. 5, 2006, pp. 517-531.
13 Ibid.
14 Ye Wang, “Individualism/Collectivism, Charitable Giving, and Cause-Related Marketing: A Comparison of Chinese and Americans,” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing vol. 19, no. 1, 2014, pp. 40-51.
15 Nir Kshetri, “Institutional Changes Affecting Entrepreneurship in China,” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, vol. 12, no. 4, 2007, pp. 415-432.
16 Peter J. Peverelli and Jiwen Song,Chinese Entrepreneurship: A Social Capital Approach, Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.
17 “Chinese Entrepreneurs Club Donated One Million on Reestablishing Schools in Disaster Areas,” China Entrepreneur Club, May 2008.
18 Jinglun Zhang, “Changing Philanthropy into Collective Action,” Philanthropy in Motion, August 2016.
19 Xiaojie Chen, “The Analysis of Private Enterprises Corporate Social Responsibility Implementation in the Harmonious Society,” November 2012. http://zt.66wz/system/2012/11/09/011147736.shtml.
20 Houliang Song, “The Internationalization Road for Chinese Philanthropists,” China Philanthropist,November 26, 2014.
21 “The Effective Philanthropic Method with Wisdom — Zhejiang Dunhe Foundation,” China Foundation Center, 2014, http://foundationcenter.org.cn/baogao/lps/dh_anli.html.
22 Guangbiao Chen’s Business Transition. http://finance.qq/a/20120322/006395.htm.
23 Tsu, Bp. Yu Yue,The Spirit of Chinese Philanthropy: A Study in Mutual Aid, vol. 50, no. 1, New York: Columbia University Language, 1912.
24 Guoqiang Long, Simon Zadek, and Joshua Wickerham,Advancing Sustainable Competitiveness of China’s Transnational Corporations, DRC/Account Ability, 2009.
25 Xu-Hong Li and Xiaoya Liang, “A Confucian Social Model of Political Appointments Among Chinese Private-Firm Entrepreneurs,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 58, no. 2, 2015, pp. 592-617.
26 Li-Wen Lin, “Corporate Social Responsibility in China: Window Dressing or Structural Change,” Berkeley Journal of International Law, vol. 28, no. 1, 2010, pp. 64-100.
27 Yingshi Yu and Zhijia Yu,Confucian Ethics and Businessmen’s Spirits, Guilin, Guangxi: Guangxi Normal University Press, 2004.
28 See a Financial Times report at https://ft/content/e9a16066-15f1-11e6-9d98-00386a18e39d, among others.
29 Weiping Wang, “An Overview of Philanthropy Causes in Tang and Song Dynasty,” History Monthly, vol. 3,2000: 95-102.
30 Dali Ma and William L. Parish, “Tocquevillian Moments: Charitable Contributions by Chinese Private Entrepreneurs,” Social Forces, 2006, pp. 943-964.
31 Qiuguang Zhou, “The Content and Characteristic Analysis of China’s Modern Philanthropy Cause,”History Teaching, vol. 36, no. 8, 2008, pp. 121-127.
32 Mayfair Mei-hui Yang, “The Resilience of Guanxi and its New Deployments: A Critique of Some New Guanxi Scholarship,” The China Quarterly, vol. 170, 2002, pp. 459-476.
33 Chris Marquis and Mia Raynard, “Institutional Strategies in Emerging Markets,” Academy of Management Annals, vol. 9, no. 1, 2015, pp. 291-335.
34 Jianjun Zhang, Christopher Marquis, and Kunyuan Qiao, “Do Political Connections Buffer Firms From or Bind Firms to the Government? A Study of Corporate Charitable Donations of Chinese Firms,”Organization Science, vol. 27, no. 5, 2016, pp. 1307-1324.
35 Chris Marquis, Ying Zhang, and Shiyu Yang, “China Yintai: Developing Shared Value in China,” Harvard Business School Case 415078, May 2015.
36 Christopher Marquis, Ying Zhang, and Shiyu Yang, “Shared Value with Chinese Characteristics: An Interview with Shen Guojun, Founder, President and CEO of China Yintai,” Management Insights (MI),October 2015: pp. 120-129.
37 See http://cnbc/2017/01/09/alibaba-to-discuss-expansion-plans-with-trump-company-aims-tocreate-1-million-us-jobs-over-the-next-5-years.html.
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克里斯托弗·马奎斯（Christopher Marquis)：
全球企业可持续发展课程“塞缪尔·柯蒂斯·约翰逊”荣誉教授，康奈尔大学塞缪尔·柯蒂斯·约翰逊商学院管理学教授
李奇：
康奈尔大学塞缪尔·柯蒂斯·约翰逊商学院博士生
乔坤元：
得克萨斯州农工大学梅斯商学院博士生。
衷心感谢赛特尔学院（the Satell Institute）为本研究提供资助。