Two of his teeth were knoceked out in the fight(他的两颗牙在打架中被打掉了)可由He had two of his teethknocked out…来代替。
在本节A中,可以看到主语是命令别人做某事的人,而在这儿,主语则是承受行为结果的人。这里主语也可以是物:
The houses had their roofs ripped off by the gale.
房子被狂风掀掉了屋顶。
这里也可以用get代替have:
The cat got her tail singed through sitting too near the fire.
猫坐得太靠近炉火,尾巴上的毛被烤焦了。
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[Amber demo]
120 had better+不带to的不定式
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这里had是指不真实的过去;其含义是现在或将来时:
I had/I’d better ring him at once/tomorrow.
我最好还是现在/明天就给他打电话。
其否定式是在better之后加上not:
You had better not miss the last bus.
你最好不要误了最后一班公共汽车。(误了这趟车是不明智的或者我劝你/提醒你不要误了这趟车。)
had通常在代词后用缩略形式,在口语中有时轻读甚至弱读到将近听不到的地步。
had better通常不用于普通的疑问式,但有时用于否定疑问式,作为一种劝告句式:
Hadn’t you better ask him first?
你先问一下他不更好吗?相当于:
Wouldn’t it be a good thing to ask him first?
是不是先问一下他比较好?
you had better是一种很有用的劝告句式:
You had better fly.
你最好是乘飞机走。(我劝你乘飞机走。)
在间接引语中,had better与第一、第三人称连用时保持不变,与第二人称连用时可以保持不变,或者转述为advise+宾语+不定式:
He said,‘I had better hurry.’
他说:“我最好快一点。”相当于:
He said(that)he’d better hurry.
他说他最好快一点。
He said,‘Ann had better hurry.’
他说:“安最好快一点。”相当于:
He said(that)Ann had better hurry.
他说安最好快一点。
He said,‘You’d better hurry.
他说:“你最好快一点。”相当于:
He said(that) I’d better hurry.
他说我最好快一点。
He advised me to hurry.
他劝我快一点。
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[Amber demo]
121 have+宾语+现在分词
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A 这种说法常常和表示将来某段时间的短语连用:
I’ll have you driving in three days.
我将使你在三天之内学会开车。(由于我的努力,过三天你就学会开汽车了。)
但也可以用于过去时和现在时:
He had them all dancing.
他使得他们全都跳起舞来。(他教/说服他们都跳舞。)
I have them all talking to each other.
我使得他们全都相互交谈起来。(我鼓励/说服他们都相互交谈起来。)
这种结构也可以用于疑问式:
Will you really have her driving in three days?
你真的能在三天之内就教会她开车吗?
但通常不用于否定式。
B If you give all-night parties you’ll have the neighbours complaining.
你如果举办通宵晚会,会搞得邻居们都抱怨你的。(邻居们将抱怨你的。)
If film-stars put their numbers in telephone books they’d have everyone ring them up.
电影明星们如果把他们的电话号码列入电话簿,就会招致所有的人给他们打电话。(人人都会/不断地给他们打电话)。
在第一例句中you’ll have表达了这样的意思:“你将遭到这样的事”。同样,在第二句中they’d have含有这样的意思:“他们会遭到这样的事”。
If you don’t put a fence round your garden you’ll have people walking inand stealing your fruit.
如果你不把你的果园用篱笆围起来,人们会走进来偷摘果子。(人们将走进来/不断进来偷摘果子,即:你要遭到这类事。)
这种结构可以用于疑问句或否定句中:
When they move that bus stop you won’t have people sitting on your steps waiting for the bus any more.
那个公共汽车站迁走之后,再不会有人坐在你的台阶上等公共汽车了。
这种结构主要用于对have的主语来说是不愉快的行为,就如以上的例句所表示的那样。但也可用在并非不愉快的场合:
When he became famous,he had people stopping him in the street and asking for his autograph.相当于:
When he became famous,people stopped him in the street and asked forhis autograph.
他成名之后,常有人在街上拦住他要他签名。
但I won’t have+宾语+现在分词通常意指“我不能允许或我不允许此事”:
I won’t have him sitting down to dinner in his overalls.I make him change them.
我不允许他穿着工作服就坐下吃饭。我要他换衣服。(我不许他坐下……)
这种用法只限于第一人称。
(关于have用于表达责任、义务等意思,参见第十四章。)
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[Amber demo]
have作普通动词?
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[Amber demo]
122 have意指possess(拥有)
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A have的基本含义是“拥有”:
He has a black beard.
他长着黑胡子。
I have had this car for ten years.
这辆车我已经买了十年了。
She will have£4,000 a year when she retires.
她退休后,每年将得到4,000英镑。
B 形式
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注意否定式和疑问式可用两种形式构成。
C 为表示习惯动作,do与have连用:
-Do you have earthquakes in your country?
-Yes,but we don’t have them very often.
-你们国家地震吗?
-有,但不经常。
have没有“习惯”的含义时,在英国更常用have not(got)/haveyou(got)这些形式,虽然其他说英语的国家(特别是美国)在这种场合也用带do的形式。
美国人可能说:
Can you help me now?Do you have time?
你现在能帮我吗?你有时间吗?
而英国人却多半要这么说:
Can you help me now?Have you got time?
因此用do的形式始终是稳妥的,但住在英国的外国学生也应该练习其他的形式。
D 如上所示,got可以加到have/have not/have you等结构中去而不引起含义上的变化,因此用不用它完全是随意的,但通常
还是加got。