D 名词或someone/something等后面可跟关系从句:
There’s a film I want to see.
有部电影我想去看。
There’s something I must say.
我有些话必须得说。
或后面跟动词不定式:
There’s nothing to do.
没事可干。(没我们干的事/必须干的事。)
(参见第250节。)
E there结构可以与另一个助动词+be结构连用:
There must be no doubt about this.
这一点不能含糊。
There may be a letter for me.
大概有我一封信。
或与seem+be,appear+be连用:
There seems to be something wrong here.
这儿好像有点不大对劲。
F 以上这么用的there通常不重读。
注意不要将有以上用法的there与当做副词用并带有重音的there搞混:
′There’s a man I want to see.
那就是我想见的人。(他站在门口。)
请比较:
′There’s a man I want to see.
我要见个人。(这个人存在。)
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[Amber demo]
117 it is和there is的比较
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关于it is的用法参见第67节。
以下这些例子有助于防止把这两种形式混淆:
A it is+形容词;there is+名词:
It is foggy./There is a fog.
有雾。
It was very wet./There was a lot of rain.
很湿。/下了不少雨。
It won’t be very sunny./There won’t be much sun.
天气不会很晴朗。
B it is与there is都可以表示时间和距离:
It is a long way to York.
到约克路很远。
There is a long way still to go.
还有很长的路要走。(我们还有好多英里的路程。)It is time to go home.
该回家了。(我们一般是6点回家而现在6点了。)
There is time for us to go home and come back here again before the filmstarts.
在电影开演之前我们有时间先回家一趟再回到这里。(还有足够的时间)
C there is+名词/代词和用于识别人或物的 it is+名词/代词的比较:
There is someone at the door.I think it’s the man to read the meters.
门口有个人。我想他是来抄(水、电等)表的。
There is a key here.Is it the key of the safe?
这里有一把钥匙。是开保险箱的吗?
D 用于分裂句的it is(参见第67节D)以及there is的比较:
It is the grandmother who makes the decisions.
做出决定的是老奶奶。(是老奶奶而不是家里的其他成员)
…and there’s the grandmother,who lives in the granny-flat.
……还有老奶奶,住在专用套房里的那位。(有老奶奶其人)
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[Amber demo]
have作助动词?
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[Amber demo]
118 构成各种时态的形式及用法
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A 形式
主要变化形式:have,had,had
动名词/现在分词:having
现在时:
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
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否定式的另一种缩略形式(主要用于完成时): I’ve not,
you’ve not,he’s not等
否定疑问式:have I not?/haven’t I? have you not? haven’t you?hashe not?/hasn’t he?等
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ABC Amber CHM Converter v6.22
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have的其他时态变化规则,与普通动词的相同。
B 用于构成时态
have与过去分词连用,构成以下时态:
现在完成时:I have worked.
过去完成时:I had worked.
将来完成时:I will/shall have worked.
条件完成时:I would/should have worked.
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[Amber demo]
119 have+宾语+过去分词
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A想对 I employed someone to do something for me(我雇用了某人为我做事)这一类句子作更简洁的表达时,可以用这种结构:即不说 I employed someone to clean my car,而说 I had my car cleaned(我叫人擦了车子)。又如不说 I got a man to sweep my chimneys(这里got= paid/persuaded等),而说I had my chimneys swept(我叫人通了烟囱)。
注意必须用have+宾语+过去分词,否则意思就变了:
He had his hair cut.
他理了发。相当于:
He employed someone to do it.
他雇人理发。
但是:
He had cut his hair.(过去完成时)
他自己理了发。(在说话之前的某个时刻他自己给自己理了发)
have这样用时,其否定式和疑问式的现在时和过去时都要用
do来构成:
-Do you have your windows cleaned evny month?
-I don’t have them cleaned;I clean them myself.
-你每月都要叫人擦窗户吗?
-我不叫别人擦,我自己擦。
He was talking about having central heating put in.Did he have it put in in the end?
他那会儿总说要找人装暖气。到底装上了没有?
这种结构可以用于进行时态:
I can’t ask you to dinner this week as I am having my house painted at the moment.
这一周我不能请你来吃饭了,因为现在我正让人刷房子呢。
While I was having my hair done the police towed away my car.
我(让人)做头发时,警察把我的汽车拖走了。
The house is too small and he is having a room built on.
房子太小了,他正叫人添盖一个房间。
get能够像have一样用于上述句中,但更口语化。句中提到完成动作的那个人的时候,也可以用get:
She got him to dig away the snow.
她让他把雪挖走。(她雇/说服他……)
(have与不带to的不定式连用也能起同样的作用,如She hadhim dig away the snow。但在英国英语中get结构要常用得多。)
B have+宾语+过去分词结构在口语中可以用来代替常表示意外或不幸遭遇的被动态动词。如 His fruit was stolen before hehad a chance to pick it(他树上的果子还没来得及摘就被人偷掉了)可由He had his fruit stolen before he had a chance topick it来代替。