She raised the trapdoor and pointed to a flight of steps.相当于:
Raising the trapdoor she pointed to a flight of steps.
她把翻板活门拉开,指着一段台阶。
We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage.相当于:
Taking off our shoes we creep cautiously along the passage.
我们脱了鞋,小心地、偷偷地沿着走廊走过去.
这里好像用现在分词的完成式更合乎逻辑,如Having opened,Having raised,Having taken off等。但除了使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思含混不清的时候以外,不必要使用完成式。
举一个必须使用分词完成式的例子:Eating his dinner herushed out of the house会给人这样一种印象,好像他手里还拿着菜盘子就走出了房子。因此,这里最好用 Having eaten hisdinner…形式。
C 第二个动作构成第一个动作的一部分时或第二个动作是第一个动作的结果时,可以用现在分词表示第二个动作:
She went out,slamming the door.
她出去后,砰地关上门。
He fired,wounding one of the bandits.
他开了枪,打伤了其中一个匪徒。
I fell,striking my head against the door and cutting it.
我摔了个跟头,头撞在了门上,划了个口子。(这个句子中有三个动作,后面的两个动作是用分词来表示的。)
这样使用的现在分词的主语并不一定要同前面的动词的主语相同。它可以有自己的主语:
The plane crashed,its bombs exploding at it hit the ground.
飞机坠毁了,它携带的炸弹在它触地的同时爆炸了。
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[Amber demo]
277 代替从句的现在分词短语
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这种结构主要用于书面英语。
现在分词可代替as/since/because+ 主语+ 动词,即分词可
帮助解释其后面所发生的动作:
Knowing that he wouldn’t be able to buy food on his journey he tooklarge supplies with him.相当于:
As he know…
他知道路上买不到食物,就带了很多食物。
Fearing that the police would recognize him he never went out in day-light.相当于:
As he feared…
因为害怕警察认出他来,他从不白天出门。
注意:当 being位于句首时,通常意为 as he is或as he was(由于他是……):
Being a student he was naturally interested in museums.相当于:
Because/As he was a student…
他作为一个学生,自然对博物馆感兴趣。
这里 being a student的意思并不是while he was a student(在他学生时代)。
这样使用的分词的主语并不一定要与跟在后面的动词的主语相同。它可以带有自己的主语:
The day being fine,we decided to go swimming.
天气好,我们决定去游泳。
在这种情况下分词必须跟在作其主语的名词/代词之后。Be-ing fine the day,we decided…是错误的。但是 Being athletic,Tom found the climb quite easy(作为运动员,汤姆觉得这次爬山比较容易)是正确的,因为汤姆同时是found和后面跟着的climb的主语。
同一个句子中可以连着用两个或两个以上的现在分词:
Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and not wanting to borrow fromhis father,he decided to pawn his watch.
知道自己钱不够,又不想从父亲那里借钱,他决定把手表当掉。
Not knowing the language and having no friends in the town,he found ithard to get a piece of work.
既不懂当地语言,在此城又没有朋友,他发现自己很难找到一份工作。
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[Amber demo]
278 分词的完成式(主动语态)
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A 形式
having+ 过去分词:
having done牋牋?having seen
B 用法
分词的完成式可代替现在分词,如第276节B中所举的例子所示(即同一个主语的一个动作紧接着另一个动作):
Tying one end of the rope to his bed,he threw the other end out of thewindow.相当于:
Having tied one end of the rope to his bed,he threw the other end out ofthe window.
他把绳子的一头系在床上,另一头扔出窗外。
分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成,但除非使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思混淆不清外,一般不必要使用这种结构。下面是造成混淆的一个例子:Read-ing the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适:
Having read the instructions,he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
看完了说明书之后,他迅速拿起了灭火器。
如果两个动作之间有一段间隔,则必须用分词的完成式:
Having failed twice,he didn’t want to try again.
已经失败了两次,他不想再试了。
如第一个动作持续一段时间时,也必须用分词的完成式:
Having been his own boss for such a long time,he found it hard to acceptorders from another.
自己当老板已经这么久了,他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。
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[Amber demo]
279 过去分词(被动语态)及分词的完成式(被动语态)
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A 形式
规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成:
worked牋牋牋牋牋?loved
不规则动词的过去分词参见第39节。
B 用法
1 用做形容词:
stolen money偷来的钱
a written report 一份书面报告
fallen trees 倒了的树木
broken glass 碎玻璃
tired drivers 筋疲力尽的司机
blocked roads堵塞了的马路
2 用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态:
he has seen
to have loved
it was broken
3 正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+ 主动态动词结构一样,过去分词可以代替主语+ 被动态动词结构:
She enters.She is accompanied by her mother.相当于:
She enters,accompanied by her mother.
她由母亲陪着走了进来。
He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet.相当于:
Aroused by the crash,he leapt to his feet.
他被撞击声惊醒,一跃而起。