The bridge had been weakened by successive storms and was no longersafe.相当于:
Weakened by successive storms,the bridge was no longer safe.
Having been weakened…
这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏,已经不安全了。(请看下面)
As he was convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused toeat anything.相当于:
Convinced that they were trying to poison him,he refused to eat any-thing.
因确信他们正企图毒死他,他拒绝进食。
C 当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时,应当用分词的被动完成式(having been+ 过去分词):
Having been warned about the bandits,he left his valuables at home.
听到关于强盗出没的警告,他把贵重物品都留在家里了。
Having been bitten twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unlesswe chained our dog up.
邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来,不然就不给我们送信了。
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[Amber demo]
280 误连分词
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通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词:
Tom,horrified at what he had done,could at first say nothing.
汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了,一开始都说不出话来了。
Romeo,believing that Juliet was dead,decided to kill himself.
罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死,就决定自杀。
A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus.
一个拿着一大包东西的男人下了公共汽车。
但要注意分词也可被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开:
Jones and Smith came in,followed by their wives.
琼斯和史密斯进来了,他们的妻子跟在后边。
She rushed past the policeman,hoping he wouldn’t ask what she had inher suitcase.
她赶紧从警察身边走过去,希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。
如果在分词前面没有名词或代词,则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的:
Stunned by the blow,Peter fell heavily.
彼得被这一击打昏了,重重地倒了下去。(彼得被击晕了。)
Believing that he is alone,the villain expresses his thoughts aloud.
那恶棍相信他身边没别人了,出声说出了自己的想法。
如果不遵守上述法则,就会造成混乱。 Waiting for a bus abrick fell on my head的意思似乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车,那岂非笑话。分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫做误连分词。上述句子应改写成:
As I was waiting for a bus a brick fell on my head.
在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。
下面再举几个误连分词的例子:
(误)When using this machine it must be remembered…
(正)When using this machine you must remember…
使用这台机器时(你)必须记住……
(误)Believing that I was the only person who knew about this beach,thesight of someone else on it annoyed me very much.
(正)As I believed I was the only person/Believing that I was the only per-son on the beach,I was annoyed by the sight of someone else.
因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人,看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。
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[Amber demo]
第二十七章 命令、请求、邀请、劝告及建议?
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[Amber demo]
281 祈使句表示命令
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A 第二人称祈使句
1 它与不带to 的不定式形式相同:
Hurry!
赶快!
Wait!
等一等!
Stop!
停止!
在构成否定式时,要在动词之前加上do not/don’t:
Don’t hurry!
不要太急!
2 所命令的对方的名字常常不提,但可由一个置于句末的名词来表示:
Eat your dinner,boys.
男孩子们,吃饭吧。
Be quiet,Tom.
汤姆,安静点儿。
这些名词也可以置于动词之前,但这种用法不那么普遍。除非说话人有意表示无礼,或想要有所区别,否则很少使用代词you:
You go on;I’ll wait.
你们先走,我等着。
3 表示肯定意义的祈使句之前可以用 do:
Do hurry.
快一点儿吧!
Do be quiet.
安静点儿吧!
do可以使句子具有劝说的口气,但也可以表示厌烦。
B 第一人称祈使句
形式
let us/let’s+不带to的不定式:
Let us stand together in this emergency.
在这紧急关头,让我们团结一致。
构成否定式时,一般要在不定式之前放一个not:
Let us not be alarmed by rumours.
我们不要因小道消息而惊慌。
但在日常口语中,可以把don’t 放在let’s之前:
Don’t let’s be alarmed by rumours.
(译文同上。)
通过 let us/let’s说话人可以催促对方以某种方式行事,或者宣布希望对方接受的某一决定,或者表示一种建议。(另参见第289节。)
C 第三人称祈使句
形式
let him/her/it/them+不带to的不定式(另参见第322节):
Let them go by train.
叫他们坐火车去吧。
但这在现代英语中并不是很普遍的形式。下面这种说法要普遍些:
They are to go/must go by train.
他们应该/必须坐火车去。
这一祈使句的否定式 let him/her/them+ 不定式的否定式不用于现代英语中,应当用 must not或 is/are not to来代替:
They must not/are not to go by air.
他们不能乘飞机走。
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[Amber demo]
282 其他表示命令的方式
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A 对第三人称的命令用主语 + shall结构(用在书面英语中)shall可用于非常正式的规章文书中,这种规章通常在一定时期内有效。这类结构常常用被动形式(参见第234节):
The Chairman,Secretary,and Treasurer shall be elected annually.
主席、秘书和司库应每年改选一次。(俱乐部规章)
A record shall be kept of the number of students attending each class.
每次上课的学生人数均应予以记录。(大学条例)
B 主语+will主要用于对第三人称的命令:
When the alarm rings passengers and crew will assemble at their boat sta-tions.
警报响时,旅客与船员必须在各自的位置上集合。